<?php
echo intval(42);                      // 42
echo intval(4.2);                     // 4
echo intval('42');                    // 42
echo intval('+42');                   // 42
echo intval('-42');                   // -42
echo intval(042);                     // 34
echo intval('042');                   // 42
echo intval(1e10);                    // 1410065408
echo intval('1e10');                  // 1
echo intval(0x1A);                    // 26
echo intval(42000000);                // 42000000
echo intval(420000000000000000000);   // 0
echo intval('420000000000000000000'); // 2147483647
echo intval(42, 8);                   // 42
echo intval('42', 8);                 // 34
echo intval(array());                 // 0
echo intval(array('foo', 'bar'));     // 1

$num = floatval("10.1"); // 10.1
$num = floatval('122.34343The'); // 122.34343
$num = floatval('The122.34343'); // 0

$val = (bool)-1;  // true
$val = (bool)0;   // false
$val = (bool)1;   // true
$val = (boolean)0; // false, same as (bool)

$val = (bool)"";        // false
$val = (bool)"0";       // false
$val = (bool)"1";       // true

$val = (bool)"foo";     // true
$val = (bool)"false";   // true  <--------------
$val = (bool)"true";    // true

$val = (boolean)"foo";  // same as (bool), true

$val = (float)10;
$val = (double)10; // Same as (float)
$val = (real)10;   // Same as (float)

$val = 10 . "";  // "10"
$val = 10."";    // Error

$val = (int)true;  // 1
$val = (int)false; // 0

$bool = true;
$val = ($bool) ? 'true' : 'false'; // "true"

echo intval(42.1); //42
echo intval(42.9); //42

$val = (bool)0.0;   // false, only 0.0 value is false.
$val = (boolean)0.0; // false, same as (bool)
$val = (bool)-1.0;   // true, any non-zero value is true.

$val = (string)10.1;  // "10.1"

function startsWith( $fullString, $part ) {
    return strncmp($fullString, $part, strlen($part)) === 0;
}

$val = startsWith( "abcdef", "ab" ); // true
$val = startsWith( "abcdef", "cd" ); // false

$arr = array('this', 'is', 'an array');
$val = is_array( $arr ); // true

$number = is_numeric(123); //true
$number = is_numeric("123"); //true
$number = is_numeric("hello") //false

$not_a_number = !is_numeric(123); //false
$not_a_number = !is_numeric("hello") //true

function endsWith( $haystack, $needle ) {
    return $needle === "" || (substr($haystack, -strlen($needle)) === $needle);
}

$url = 'http' . (isset($_SERVER['HTTPS']) ? 's' : '') . '://' . "{$_SERVER['HTTP_HOST']}{$_SERVER['REQUEST_URI']}";

$json = '{"a":1,"b":2,"c":3,"d":4,"e":5}';

json_decode( $json );

// Result:
object(stdClass)#1 (5) {
    ["a"] => int(1)
    ["b"] => int(2)
    ["c"] => int(3)
    ["d"] => int(4)
    ["e"] => int(5)
}

$var = 5;
$greater_than_two = ($var > 2 ? true : false); //true

$object = (object)$array;

$seconds = 5;

sleep( $seconds )